Neanderthalians are the first men that populates the territory of Versilia. There are numerous caves that were used for hunting, while usually their settlements are along the coastal plain, where are also groups of big mammals such as carnivores (hyena, lion and leopard) and big herbivores (mammuth, auroch, horses and rhinos).

The only one Neanderthalian human remain found in Tuscany, is the femur of a 9 years-old child, coming from Buca del Tasso (Camaiore).
In the room there is a reconstruction of a cave with two Neanderthalians, a father which is chipping the flint in order to make instruments and his son which is learning.